Jurnal Transformative
Volume 8, Issue 1, March 2022, Pages 31-56
Full Lenght Article
Implementing Gender Mainstreaming in Indonesian Local Government: The Case of Tangerang Regency
Received 29 January 2022, Published 30 March 2022, Available online 31 March 2022.
Under a Creative Commons license
Open Access
Abstract
This research is about the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies in local governments in Indonesia since the enactment of Presidential Instruction No. 9 of 2000 on Gender Mainstreaming in National Development. After running for almost two decades, the implementation of gender mainstreaming has not succeeded in having a significant impact in realizing gender equality in Indonesia in general and Tangerang Regency in particular. Indicators of poverty, domestic violence, and unemployment are still experienced by women. The low index of gender empowerment and women's representation in politics is another indicator that shows the failure of gender mainstreaming in development. Gender inequality in development is caused by internal and external factors that directly impact the achievement of gender equality. Internal factors refer to the low political commitment of regional leaders in initiating the making and stipulation of local regulations on gender mainstreaming in development. Meanwhile, external factors refer to the strong patriarchal culture in Indonesian society which still views women as incapable of political leadership and policy making.
Keywords
Gender Mainstreaming; Gender Equality; Gender Inequality; Political Commitment; Patriarchy.
Declarations
Publisher's Note
Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Brawijaya remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Anderson, J. E. (2003). Public Policymaking: An Introduction. In Houghton Mifflin Company.
Astro, M. M. (2019, April 10). Pengarusutamaan gender di daerah masih hadapi sejumlah permasalahan. Antaranews. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/824588/pengarusutamaan-gender-di-daerah-masih-hadapi-sejumlah-permasalahan
Baines, Beverley, E. a. (Ed.). (2012). Feminist Constitutionalism: Global Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Bank, T. W. (1995). Toward gender equality: the role of public policy. In Toward gender equality: the role of public policy.
Barrett, R. (Ed.). (2016). Female Erasure: What You Need to Know About Gender Politics’ War on Women, the Female Sex and Human Rights. Tidal Time Publishing.
Brenner, A. (2009). GAD and Gender Mainstreaming: A Pathway to Sustainable Development? Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.7916/D818365Z.
Brouwers, R. (2013). Working Paper Revisiting gender mainstreaming in international development : Goodbye to an illusionary strategy. In International Institute of Social Studies (Issue Working paper 556).
Bryson, V. (1992). Feminist Political Theory: An Introduction. THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD.
Calasanti, Toni M., and Slevin, K. F. (Ed.). (2006). Age matters : realigning feminist thinking. Routledge.
Chafetz, J. S. (2006). Sociology of gender. In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Latin America. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Chappell, L. et. a. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism? International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788.
Clisby, S. (2005). Mainstreaming gender in development : a critical review. In F. Porter & C. Sweetman (Eds.), Journal of gender studies (Vol. 15, Issue 2, p. 111). Oxfam GB. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ioh&AN=3336579&site=ehost-live.
Cornwall, Andrea, E. al. (Ed.). (2007). Feminisms in Development: Contradictions, contestations and challenges. Zed Books.
Douglass, M. (2019). The Feminism Book. In M. Douglass (Ed.), Dorling Kindersley.
Driscoll, A., & Krook, M. L. (2009). Can There Be a Feminist Rational Choice Institutionalism? Politics and Gender, 5(2), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0900018X.
Dye, R. T. (2013). Understanding public policy. Florida State University.
Ferree, M. M. (2012). Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective. Stanford University Press.
Flynn, E. A. (2003). Feminism beyond Modernism. In College Composition and Communication (Vol. 54, Issue 4). Southern Illinois University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3594190.
Goetz, A. M. (1997). Getting Institutions Right for Women in Development. Zed Book.
Harun, N. I. (2019). New Paradigm For Strengthening Women’s Political Capacity in the Process of Public Policy Processing. Journal of Governance, 4(2), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v4i2.6526.
Hooks, B. (1984). From Margin To Center Bell Hooks. South End Press.
Kabeer, N. (2003). Gender mainstreaming in poverty eradication and the millennium development goals : a handbook for policy- makers and other stakeholders. In T. Johnson (Ed.), The Commonwealth Secretariat. International Development Research Centre.
Kollo, F. L. and, & Sunarso. (2018). Patriarchy Culture and Injustice for Women in Politics. 251(Acec), 101–102. https://doi.org/10.2991/acec-18.2018.25.
Kusumawardhana, I. (2018). Indonesia di Persimpangan: Urgensi “Undang-Undang Kesetaraan dan Keadilan Gender” di Indonesia Pasca Deklarasi Bersama Buenos Aires Pada Tahun 2017. Jurnal HAM, 9(2), 153–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2018.9.153-174.
Lazar, M. M. (2005). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Gender, power and ideology in discourse. In Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis: Gender, Power and Ideology in Discourse. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230599901.
Lombardo, E. and, & Meier, P. (2006). Gender mainstreaming in the EU: Incorporating a feminist reading? European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506806062753.
Mahon, J. (1997). Existentialism, Feminism, and Simone de Beauvoir (J. Campling (Ed.)). Macmillan Press Ltd.
Marchand, M. H. and, & Parpart, J. L. (1995). Feminism/postmodernism/development (M. H. and Marchand & J. L. Parpart (Eds.)). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2307/2076595.
Marinucci, M. (2010). Feminism is Queer: The intimate connection between queer and feminist theory. Zed Books Ltd.
Martiany, D. (2011). Implementasi Pengarusutamaan Gender sebagai Strategi Pencapaian Kesetaraan Gender. Aspirasi, 2(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v2i2.437.
Mccann, Carole and Kim, S.-K. (Ed.). (2017). Feminist theory reader (fourth edi, Vol. 2, Issue 1). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/1571.
Mergaert, L. and, & Lombardo, E. (2014). Resistance to implementing gender mainstreaming in EU research policy. European Integration Online Papers, 18(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1695/2014005.
Mill, J. S. (1869). The Subjection of Women. D. Appleton and Company.
Milward, Kirsty, E. al. (2015). Gender Mainstreaming Critiques: Signposts or Dead Ends? IDS Bulletin, 46(4), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12160.
Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Duke University Press.
Muhartono, D. S. (2020). Pentingnya regulasi pengarusutamaan gender dalam pembangunan daerah di Kabupaten Kediri. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 3(2), 117–134.
Nicholson, L. J. (2013). Feminism/Postmodernism. In L. J. Nicholson (Ed.), Feminism/Postmodernism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203699386.
Parpart, Jane; and Mcfee, D. (2017). Rethinking Gender Mainstreaming in Development Policy and Practice Rethinking Gender Mainstreaming in Development Policy and Practice. Caribbean Review of Gender Studies, 11, 241–252. http://journals.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/.
Sakina, A. I. dan, & Siti A., D. H. (2017). Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki Di Indonesia. Share : Social Work Journal, 7(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i1.13820.
Schofield, T., & Goodwin, S. (2005). Gender Politics and Public Policy Making: Prospects for Advancing Gender Equality. Policy and Society, 24(4), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1449-4035(05)70067-9.
Scott, J. W. (1996). Feminism and History (Oxford Readings in Feminism). In J. W. Scott (Ed.), Feminism and History (Oxford Readings in Feminism). Oxford University Press Inc.
Spicker, P. (2000). The Welfare State. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199248179.013.0019
Susiana, S. (2011). Implementasi Pengarusutamaan Gender Dalam Pembangunan di Daerah (Studi di Kabupaten Jembrana Provinsi Bali). Jurnal DPR RI, 6(1), 143–188. https://doi.org/10.22212/kajian.v16i1.521.
Sylvester, C. (2002). Feminist international relations: an unfinished journey (Vol. 40, Issue 04). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-2455.
Tong, R. and, & Botts, T. F. (2017). Feminist thought : a more comprehensive introduction (Fifth Edit). Routledge.
True, J. (2003). Mainstreaming gender in global public policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5(3), 368–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122740.
Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy. (Vol. 20, Issue 3, p. 229). Basil Blackwell Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/2073659.
Wayan, K. Y. I. and, & Nyoman, S. (2020). Women and Cultural Patriarchy in Politics. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 2158–2164. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1148.
Whittier, N. (1995). Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women’s Movement. Temple University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2945792.
Yuslin, H. (2021). Pembuktian Strategi Pengarusutamaan Gender (PuG): Analisis Capaian Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia, 1(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.11594/jesi.01.03.04.
Zalewski, M. (2010). I don’t even know what gender is: A discussion of the connections between gender, gender mainstreaming and feminist theory. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509990489.
Copyright and permissions
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Bibliographic Information
-
Submitted
29 January 2022 -
Revised
5 March 2022 -
Accepted
Not available -
Published
30 March 2022